There's lots happening for new dispute resolution services for small business people. The Small Business Commissioner (SBC) model is being rolled out across Australia. Explanation of developments.
A report and submission from The Council of Small Business Organisations of Australia to The Senate Inquiry into Competition within the Australian Banking Sector
6 December 2010
Overview
The report alleges that the Australian banks' voluntary code of self-regulation has been deliberately constructed by the banks so as to have no practical effect, thereby disadvantaging consumers and small businesses.
Until 1981, Australian banks were heavily regulated. This was significantly eased after 1981 but there were concerns that the deregulation had gone too far. Following the Martin Committee report of 1991, the banks were required to establish a government-approved, self-regulation Code of Banking Practice. The Code was adopted in 1996 and modified in 2003 and 2004. It is this Code that is supposed to govern the behaviour of the banks towards their consumer and small business customers.
It is this Code that the banks claim ensures, guarantees and is proof that they act morally, ethically and with fairness toward their customers.
Allegations in the COSBOA report
The report alleges that the banks and bankers have acted to retain control over the compliance procedures of the Code in a manner to disadvantage their customers. Specifically:
The Australian Bankers Association wrote the Code
An independent committee is supposed to enforce the Code, ensuring bank compliance with the Code.
The banks, however, have, without disclosure, deliberately gained control of the Code compliance rules and procedures, thus neutering the compliance committee. The outcome is that the banks do not have to comply with the Code and the Code is not enforceable at law.
In effect, the Code of Banking Practice has no force. It is effectively no more than a bankers' public relations stunt and subterfuge giving the impression of a requirement for fair treatment of customers but allowing the banks to behave as they choose.
The report accuses the banks of:
engaging in "misleading representation and unsatisfactory operation" of the Code.
turning the Code into "...a collusive agreement ... to limit the extent of redress available to small businesses and consumers."
"... activities that are clearly deceptive and apparently misleading."
appointing a group of persons to monitor the Code, "...under terms of appointment that precludes them from effectively carrying out their duties."
The Code of Banking Practice
The Code is available from the Australian Bankers Association. (ABA). The Code is available here. A Fact Sheet is available here.
The ABA states that:
The Code of Banking Practice gives customers rights that the banks must observe.
These rights cover matters such as:
disclosure of fees and charges and other terms and conditions;
changes to terms and conditions and fees and charges;
disclosure of general information about banking services;
privacy and confidentiality;
statements of account;
copies of documents;
direct debits;
chargebacks on credit cards;
debt collection;
complaints handling.
The Code also provides for high standards of disclosure for prospective guarantors before they agree to guarantee someone else's debt to the bank.
Banking services that are covered by the Code are banking products and services provided to individuals and small business customers. Examples of banking products and services covered are:
deposit and transaction accounts;
personal and home loans;
credit cards;
debit cards;
safe custody facilities;
small business loans;
investment loans;
lease financing; and
the bank's services when supplying a product or service of a third party.
How the banks are alleged to have subverted the Code
As it reads on the surface, the Code offers consumers and small business people fairness in their dealings with the banks. It is in fact an impressive example of fairness. The banks include the Code as a document with their loans and other services documentation, making it part of their contractual undertakings with consumers and small business people.
The banks say that consumers and small business people can be confident about the Code because an independent Committee has been formed to monitor and ensure that banks comply with the Code. Further, consumers and small business people can take complaints to the Committee to have their complaints independently resolved at no cost to them.
What it is not known, it is alleged, is that the banks control the Committee through an Association set up by the banks. The Association has written a 'constitution' for the Committee that effectively prevents the Committee from monitoring or enforcing the Code against the banks. When 'push comes to shove', if a consumer or small business customer has a dispute with a bank, the Code and Committee are useless, and expensive litigation is the only avenue available for redress.
The report further alleges that, in creating this subterfuge, the banks and bankers have potentially broken a wide range of laws---both civil and criminal.
Quotations from the COSBOA report
What follows are direct quotations from the report, citing page references.
(But note that the headings below are not report quotes)
This report has its genesis in submissions sent to Jan McClelland on 11 March 2008 by the Bankers' Code Compliance Monitoring Committee. The Committee members noted in their submissions to Ms McClelland, the code reviewer, that their authority set up under clause 34 of the code to monitor bank compliance was undermined by the Bankers' unpublished constitution which imposed qualifications and restrictions on them. The Committee stated its 'firm view is that the constitution is problematic'.
The Committee expressed views that its powers were inappropriate and inconsistent with its advertised role and did not reflect the unworkable practices (page 5).
Code Captured by bankers
The code of Banking Practice (the code) which has evolved over the past 20 years was intended to balance the unequal playing field but has somehow become the exclusive tool of the banks (page 14).
Part 2: Explains how the banks wrested control of consumer protection from legislators and regulators by taking advantage of deregulation and their increasing wealth (page 15).
As it stands, the revised 2003 and modified 2004 codes are monitored by the code Compliance Monitoring Committee (the Committee) which has the bankers' compulsory unpublished constitution imposed on it by the code Compliance Monitoring Committee Association (the Association). This limits the powers, independence and authority of the Committee by 'identifying ways in which the Committee will carry out its role (page 16).
Customers are 'screwed'
The need for affordable remedies to enable customers to resolve disputes against bankers, outside of the Courts, remains unsatisfied and with the government regulators failing to enforce the code's principles, customers of subscribing banks have to again risk using the Courts to remedy differences. This is generally difficult due to the high chance that such remedies will be costly and time-consuming; exactly what the proponents of the code and submissions referred to the Martin Committee in 1991 set out to avoid.
The conflicts inherent in the appointment of the Committee bound by the Association's constitution means that the code continues to be unbalanced, favouring the banks with unfair and unjust potency. Customers cannot make the Committee effectively police any allegations of Banker misconduct. As such, the Martin Committee ambition---that no-one-is-taken-for-a-ride---remains an unrealised aspiration (page 17).
This report suggests that nearly all of the high principles in the modified code intended to protect customers from mischievous bankers and set out in the 250 clauses and sub-clauses in the revised and modified codes were virtually meaningless (page 32).
The compliance Committee has been neutered by creating a flawed 'constitution'
Flaws in the Code include:
Ambiguous language
Restricted investigatory power
Restricted powers to sanction
Lack of independence and transparency
Compromised review process
Banks breaking the law?
Trade Practices Act
This report will consider whether, by offering on its terms and conditions with no reference to the Association's constitution, the 12 major deposit-taking institutions, acting as one entity, conducted themselves as to constitute misleading and deceptive conduct under the Trade Practices Act 1974 (page 26).
Cartel conduct
This report will raise a concern that Association members by their conduct limited or withdrew crucial services provided to customers and ask if such actions constitutes cartel conduct (page 27).
Possible Crimes Act breaches
An independent audit of subscribing banks complaints might find that some Bankers have not acted honestly or some banks and the Committee's records might show that other parties have promoted code compliance when they have, by deception, acted dishonestly to cause financial disadvantage to their customers (page 31).
Public Relations Subterfuge
The message being published by the ABA and bank CEOs intended the legislators and the public to believe that the code is an enforceable contract; the banks would submit to being independently monitored. The Committee, being independent, might take an action against rogue banks or bankers and that each bank will lodge an annual code compliance report with the Committee. All worthy principles---assuming the Committee was in fact independent and the code was an enforceable contract---which later appears not to be the case (page 134).
How they did it
After the 2003 code was published, the banks weighed up the utility of dual-contracts. To put this in context, banks needed to trim the Committee's powers and required the BFSO support. The banks' lawyers devised a constitution and, shortly after 20 February 2004, the banks seized control of the Committee. When the modified 2004 code was published, the Association had solved the banks' problem by integrating the Committee's powers and duties with the banks' freshly prepared constitution.
The unpublished constitution was customer 'unfriendly' and provided the subscribing banks with the pre-Martin opt-out litigation provision returned. The opt-out provision is not detectable by lawyers, as bank Facility Offers and contacts require customers to obtain independent legal advice before signing bank documents---but the banks make no mention of the constitution.
All senior bankers know that customers will have no joy using clause 35.7 of the code when a severe complaint involves them. The opt-out provision means that they don't have to activate the IDR process because the constitution stifles the Committee's powers to investigate 'any' complaint as stated in clause 349b)(ii) of the code. The IDR process is flawed as the dual-contract allows subscribing banks the right to commence litigation and then rely on clause 8.1(b) of the constitution.
This means the banks can claim that the Committee is bound by the Association's constitution and cannot investigate a serious complaint which is contrary to the practices and tactics that the Martin Committee sought to erase in 1991.
Small businesses are therefore in the 'no-win' corner, unable to use major law firms due to the high cost. At the same time, major banks can spend whatever money is necessary to wear their clients down. The major law firms may also have bank work-in-process and highly regarded Senior Counsels are also paid retainers to keep them from acting against major banks. As the Martin Committee found, the banks enjoy an unassailable financial advantage in Courts when competing against small businesses without deep-pockets (pages 165-166).
Playing legal games with language
... the 1993 code failed clearly to define the dispute resolution the banks subsequently relied on to justify their failure to investigate all complaints. These failures had the effect of providing banks unfettered discretion in interpreting the meaning of the word 'complaints' for breaches of the high standards set out in the code. It therefore allowed the banks to hand-pick complaints that they were willing to investigate rather than being obliged to investigate all complaints relating to their contraventions of the code (page175).
What happens if you try to use the Code to fix a dispute
A customer refers to the code and states that a bank acted disingenuously or dishonestly and takes the first step by making a complaint to the banks' IDR.
The bank ignores the complaint when its customer alleges that it failed to act fairly and in an ethical manner when it breached clause 35 in point 1 above.
The customer then refers the complaint to the CCMC stating that the bank breached its ethics clause and failed to investigate the complaint.
The CCMC then refers the complaint back to the bank that declines to provide relevant information needed to resolve the complaint, claiming it is privileged.
The CCMC refers the banks position on to the customer who then provides evidence that the bank breached the ethics clause and its IDR duties set out in clause 35.
The CCMC responds stating that clause 40 precludes its investigating complaints other than disputes, stating that clause 40 defines dispute as complaints in relation to a 'banking service' which means 'any financial service or product'.
As such, the CCMC has few powers to comply with its clause 34 duties and, therefore, the high standards set out in PARTS A to E of the code means that the CCMC is unable to investigate any complaint and carry out its duties.
This sophisticated cycle means that the 2003 code was engineered so that individual and small business customers are ultimately required to use the courts to enforce their rights (page 188).
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